3) The expansion factor
One thing you never hear mentioned with Maris is the reality that baseball added two franchises in Washington (as the old Senators moved to Minnesota) and California, which necessarily dilutes the amount of good pitching you face due to the expansion draft and bringing up players not really ready to play. Maris only hit five of his homers against the expansion teams.
Setting aside (for now) the steroids, it is far more impressive that Mark McGwire hit 38 of his 70 home runs in the pitcher's haven known as Busch Stadium. (Note: it's often forgotten that McGwire actually hit 71 home runs - the second same second base umpire who screwed the Toronto Blue Jays out of a triple play in the 1992 World Series (Bob Davidson) somehow managed to see the very same fan interference when it did NOT happen that Rich Garcia didn't see when it did in that Yankee playoff game). Probably the most amazing stat is that McGwire hit ONE HOME RUN each in Colorado (????) and one in expansion Arizona. (Three parks shut out McGwire - Turner Field, Riverfront, and Pac Bell - of course, he had to face the Braves' pitching in Turner, LOL!). In fact, McGwire went 0-for-11 and struck out 7 times at Turner Field.
McGwire DID homer against the Braves in 1998. He hit a solo shot off Kevin Millwood on May 14 (the day of the "Seinfeld" finale) and off of 44-year old Dennis Martinez on August 30 (a three-run bomb that won the game eventually).
Almost invariably, when you have expansion, you will have a season record at least challenged if not flat out broken.
1961 - Maris breaks Ruth's record
1962 - Wills steals 104 bases to break Cobb's record
1969 - Reggie Jackson had 37 HRs at the All-Star break (after 92 Oakland games) but only hit ten the rest of the season and didn't even finish second in the HR race
1977 - George Foster has 29 HRs at the break on a pace to catch Maris - and finishes with 52. (No, Foster didn't play in the AL with expansion teams - but every team lost players and pitchers to those teams, too)
1993 - not really a lot this year, though it explains why the Braves won 104 games. You could argue that both Tony Gwynn right at .400 and three guys chasing Maris in August that the dilution took a year to show.
1998 - two guys shatter Maris's record.
4) Hank Aaron
Without looking - how many of you can tell me the most homers Aaron ever hit in a season? He hit 47 when he was 37 years old in 1971. Only one other time did he hit more than 44 home runs. A player that played 20 seasons would have to hit 38 home runs every year to tie Hank - a preposterous level of consistency. Aaron had 385 home runs at home and 370 on the road, and remember that he lost home runs to a largely pitcher's park in Milwaukee (how the hell else do you think Spahn won that many games for that long?) and the downward thrust of the strike zone and mound alterations of 1963-68 while suddenly emerging with help in the form of Atlanta's easy bomb park and expansion in 1969. (However - note that Aaron lost home runs on the road when Pittsburgh, Philly, and Cincinnati all replaced their hitting parks with pitcher parks in 1970).
Why do I mention Aaron? See below.
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However, having said all this, Maris Jr's whine that "Judge should be recognized as the real record holder" is just plain ludicrous. Or that Maris should still have it in the books until now as the "clean" record.
First of all - as I've shown - external circumstances play a role in how many home runs are hit, they always have. I'm not going to draw any sort of moral equivalence that doesn't exist between a short outfield in Yankee Stadium and synthetic use, but let's see....you have 14 seasons where a dude hits 50 homers or more, and 5 times it just happens to be a guy who swings from the same side of the plate in the same stadium, 3 other times it just happens to be a guy who has a 258 foot fly ball home run to right field, and 2 other times it happens to occur in a stadium in use for 61 years that never had a no-hitter? Not to take anything away from anyone - and clearly Ruth and Mays and Mantle and Aaron are legends of the highest order - but in almost every case you can cite an unusual factor that MAY contribute to an accomplishment.
I don't think it's a good route to go, I don't even really with steroids, although I "get" the argument.
In each case, it serves to find a way to discredit what is an actual accomplishment. We all know the phrase "nothing is harder than hitting a baseball," and there's some truth to that (well, coming back from the dead, but baseball might be second). The player STILL has to hit the ball with sufficient bat speed to clear a fence that is usually from 6 to 15 feet tall and usually at least 310 feet away. We can evaluate without celebrating, but discrediting makes me a tad uneasy, even if Barry Bonds is what God made when He created the biggest jerk ever.
We can point out counter-arguments to every excuse:
Ruth hit against more LEGAL doctored baseballs than all the other guys combined.
Yeah, Kiner hit 50-plus twice in three years in a hitter's park - why didn't a bunch of other Pirates?
Same with Foxx and Mize - it if was so easy, why didn't a bunch of guys do it - and why didn't they do it more than once?
Mays might have had a short fence to clear - but how many did he actually hit that wouldn't have gone out elsewhere?
McGwire and Bonds DID use steroids - but so did a huge portion of the pitchers they faced, too (remember - more pitchers than hitters have been caught since we began testing)
Look, I hate that Bonds and (before him) a juiced Big Mac broke the record, okay? But we don't know what substances Maris was either using or faced, and we have NO IDEA whether Judge is clean right now or not, either.
Judge deserves credit and (for now) respect for an American League record should he break it, but Maris Jr needs to stop acting like Amos Alonzo Stagg's kid when he realized Coach Bryant was going to surpass his record, too. (Speaking of which - it turns out Bryant never actually had the record at all, but whatever).