His phrasing on Poland was all wrong, was the problem. He knew perfectly well where the Iron Curtain lay. He just meant the Poles were indomitable, which they are. He paid them a compliment and got skewered...
Exactly - and that's why he wouldn't admit he misspoke.
You're certainly better informed on this than I am (I was six), but the story as I read it is that Ford was basically parroting a Kissinger briefing paper summarizing the 1975 Helsinki Accords. He got everything else right - but he bumbled the response because of that one line about "not under Soviet domination." He even said later that he was thinking of the refusal of the Poles to just roll over, but that MILITARILY the Soviets DID "dominate" Poland. He said he was thinking of it in one sense, but everyone thought he meant another.
Btw - yeah, Ford messed up, but once again, I just don't buy this whole "one bad moment" idea that costs anyone a Presidential election. That might work in a mayor's race in a small town, but the idea that millions of people committed to one candidate just rush over the side to the other is another one of those cherished myths that never really happens, but it makes a good story so the press repeats it.
On August 20, 1976, Ford was thirty-three points behind in a country where 54% of voters called themselves Democrats, and the Ds held large majorities in both Houses. He lost the election by 2 points - and if only 23,000 votes in Wisconsin and Ohio had switched sides, he would have won the "Dubya Landslide" as I call it.
Ford narrowed it to 15 points nationally almost immediately - and outside of the South, Ford was actually tied with Carter just before Labor Day. On the day of the third debate - after Ford had been battered for two weeks over the Polish thing - Ford was only 6 points behind nationally with 10 percent undecided. The Ford team's final poll on the morning before the election had him in the lead nationally for the only time they ever polled.
My point is this: everyone wants to latch onto "Ford pardoned Nixon" or "Ford didn't know about Poland" to say that's why he lost. But he damn near won despite the fact he was never elected in the first place and despite those things being known at the time. Yes, I'll grant that the Poland notion might have cost him in terms of upward polling momentum, but the idea he lost because of A or B is to my mind ludicrous. One could argue he was never going to be able to win a race on "integrity in government" against Carter given he was in charge.
The other thing that's kinda forgotten - and Carter admitted this - was the worst thing Carter did was try to butcher him on Poland. He even said later if he'd have just kept his own mouth shut, it would have hurt Ford more than it did, but his willingness to insult Ford ("he went to Poland, did he not see those tanks? If we wanted experience, we would have kept Nixon, at least he knew there were Soviet troops there") actually caused a modicum of sympathy in Ford's direction once he admitted he messed up.
Anyone actually watching that debate - without the post-debate commentary - would wonder how Ford lost because he actually did quite well other than that one comment.